a. Jeez there are too many threads on this right now. 4 Juul pods. The voice of vaping since 2007444 votes, 453 comments. Toxicology Report : This product does not contain Diacetyl, Acetyl Propionyl or Acetoin. Classic Chocolate Crepe - Loaded E-Liquid - Ruthless Vapors - 120mL. E-cigarettes, aka JUULs and vape pens, use a battery to heat up a special liquid into an aerosol that users inhale. Crypto Clear odorless liquid with a sweet taste typically found in industrial products such as antifreeze. bladder. com Here is a website stating the amount of diacetyl in cooking products, cooking sprays with butter flavoring in them are as high as 1,125ppm, far above the amount that is usually in more custard-type flavorings in vape. i got tired of hunting and pecking thru the other thread, i dont want to read arguments about diacetyl and politics. More than half were mislabeled by at least 10 percent. The chemicals that form diketones are diacetyl, acetyl, acetoin, and propionyl. 10C gradient from 100C to 250C with delays. Red Apple – Esco Bar. " "Mean diacetyl concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 250 to 361 ppm for all tobacco products and smoking regimens". $11. #1. VaporFi. Runner-Up. The transfer efficiency of these compounds from the e-liquid to the aerosol was estimated by comparing the expected and measured aerosol yields on a. Greetings-I am a newbie and I am very concerned. My guess is that many of those tested with low levels of diketones used acetoin. S. 38-0. 8. Try the best of Ruthless E-Juice, a premium e-liquid company based in California takes pride in using top-of-the-line ingredients with creative flavors. Harvard University researchers found diacetyl in 75% of the e-liquids that they tested. The e-juice starts smooth with the juicy bits of honeydew dancing on the tongue. Main Components of E-Juice. Safest Vape Brands. Element e-liquids packages are in different sized bottles, which include 20ml, 40ml, 60ml, and 80ml. Diacetyl was the chemical used to produce the famous microwave popcorn. New media Search media. Choose from their dozens of finely crafted flavors or create your own personalized blends. It lists the main components of each of its pods—cartridges filled with 0. Diacetyl (DA) is an α-diketone that is used to flavor microwave popcorn, coffee, and e-cigarettes. VG juices make a lot of vapor and have a lower nicotine content than PG vape juice blends. We offer fully customized e-juice so we have more variants than most. The total mass per e-cigarette (micrograms per e-cigarette) of the flavoring chemicals diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin are presented in Table 2. The voice of vaping since 2007Diacetyl is added to some foods for flavoring purposes. It’s a fantastic fruit flavor combining fresh strawberries, tangy pineapples, smoothed out by creamy coconuts. This was a strict requirement for Halo far before it became a popular topic in the forums. ” There has been limited research on flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes. Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes. VaporShark, a US based Electronic Cigarette company (has performed and published test results for Diacetyl (2,3-Butanedione) and Acetyl Propionyl (2,3-Pentanedione) for all of the E-Liquids that they. Diacetyl (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is a toxicant commonly found in electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs) as a flavoring component and an enhancer of e-juices. Nicotine – The addictive ingredient found in e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes. Tacos-for-junior710. I SIMPLY WANT TO KNOW WHICH SUPPLIERS HAVE DIACETYL-FREE EJUICE! So far I have read the following fit in that category (or. You can also find reports verifying that no Naked 100 vape juice contains Vitamin E. H. United States. Displays 1 - 60 of 70. Where W is the weight loss of the e-cigarette per puff (mg), D is the density of the e-liquid (g/ml) and C is the e-liquid concentration of the component (µg/ml). $10. Loranns and Flavor West still have their flavors containing all sorts of stuff that's no good. But it is nice that diacetyl is not being used no more in butter flavors from reputable companies, and companies are now testing for it. 6% x 2ml = . The KangVape Onee is a disposable vape filled with salt nicotine liquid and is good for well over a thousand puffs. Organizations like Harvard University are studying whether the diacetyl in vape products. According to the study, about 20 percent of tadpoles exposed to the flavors strawberry, almond, caramel, vanilla, biscuit, and Vienna cream, and 70 percent of those exposed to a flavor of cereal. This is a rare and serious fixed obstructive lung disease. Vaping. Experts say that vanillin may cause dysfunction of blood cells, death of cells, and even heart damage. WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Not to mention they use 99. other chemicals (including those used to create flavours). Diacetyl-Free E-Juices; Vape Supplies. Their presence in e-liquids is a primary source, but they may potentially be generated by glycerol (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) when heated to produce aerosols. i got tired of hunting and pecking thru the other thread, i dont want to read arguments about diacetyl and politics. 4 – Don’t Dry-Burn Your Coils. Also "Fujioka and Shibamoto conducted a study to measure the diacetyl exposure. #9. In Dr. Here are the ten safest vape juice brands that you can rely. Take a look at "Five Pawns" e juice companies initial testing results , diketone levels considerably higher than cigarettes and thats. Add to Cart. However, there are many e-liquids that are diacetyl free as well. I am starting this thread to warn VUSE users of their product and my experiences. Welcome to the world's largest e-cigarette website. Another simple recipe, this one comes with three ingredients for a total of 6. That must have been a tremendous undertaking at a huge. 1. VaporFi. 8/10 Review score. Dec 10, 2015. A new study finds diacetyl in e-cigarettes but exaggerates risks and fails to discuss about smoking. Diacetyl (DA) is a flavoring ingredient commonly used in food products, including popcorn, to enhance their taste and texture. Jeez there are too many threads on this right now. All VapeCraft,Inc's juice is diacetyl free ) A second(and newer) study was also conducted by the Harvard T. Coming in 30mL bottles, Vape Wild’s 99. Unique Flavor Zero Nicotine E-liquid. You are thinking of acetyl propionyl and acetoin. Register. Ya I’d love some suggestions as well. Farsalinos study on diacetyl in e-liquid which found. . Please, keep to JUST listing the supplier names! Thread starter texastumbleweed; Start date Oct 13, 2010; th_trl_thread_readers 0 Tags halo highbrow madvapes ms t's. FRALEY, Norman E. I SIMPLY WANT TO KNOW WHICH SUPPLIERS HAVE DIACETYL-FREE EJUICE! So far I have read the following fit in that category (or. Medium chain triglycerides. However, I seen a popular supplier stating it was better than. However, the risks of vaporizing Diacetyl-containing e. E-cigarettes include a battery that turns the device on, a heating element that heats the e-liquid and turns it into an aerosol of tiny particles (sometimes called a “vapor”), a cartridge or tank that holds the e-liquid, and a mouthpiece or opening used to inhale the aerosol. 99. 05%. : Chemical used to dissolve and deliver nicotine and flavorings in an e-liquid product. 1 Acetoin (also called acetyl methyl. There can be diacetyl in e-liquid. I don't want to slam a supplier or anything. While the flavor (butterscotch) was immediately discontinued, the news made headlines and it raised serious concerns about the use of diacetyl in e-liquid. Check it out, because I'm sure vaping flavorless e liquid isn't very enjoyable. While the FDA has deemed it safe for consumption, inhaling it becomes dangerous. This was a strict requirement for Halo far before it became a popular topic in the forums. oral. It is probably the most demanded Diacetyl free E-liquid. We are a small scale manufacturer and couldn't afford to do the $3M let alone that huge number. S. If you've got your heart set on a closed POD system, I'm currently using the VYPE ePOD as my backup device or my travelling device. Dammit man, I'm an engineer not a doctor!). Does Vape Juice Contain Anti-Freeze? No, e juice doesn’t contain any anti-freeze. trendkill500. 99. The voice of vaping since 2007There is exponentially more diacetyl in cigarettes than there is in e liquid containing diacetyl, like 37 times the amount. The flavor mostly depends on the atomizer you put on the mod not the mod itself. 97% pure USA-grown tobacco. Diacetyl is commonly used in popcorn manufacture for its buttery flavour; hence the name ‘popcorn lung’ came from. BUY NOW. , there are many negative effects of vaping. especially when it comes to e-cigs. A 70/30 e-juice is also good for sub-ohm or high-wattage devices as the liquid can be more easily heated and results in much more clouds. It is a vicinal diketone (two C=O groups, side-by-side) with the molecular formula C4H6O2. 5% in 2019. Diacetyl (also called 2,3-butanedione) is a chemical that has been used to give butter-like and other flavors to food products, including popcorn. Custard, caramel, butterscotch are some of the few flavors that contain diacetyl. "i got tired of hunting and pecking thru the other thread, i dont want to read arguments about diacetyl and politics. (Don't get me wrong - not having a dig at anyone, it genuinely makes me smile) Attached is a pdf version of a colour-coded LorAnn's list I made a few months ago for my own use and which I posted up on here somewhere. Lava Flow has just the right combination of natural tropical fruit flavors that aren’t overly sweet. If you are looking for diacetyl free e-juice vendors, this list of verified companies should be useful for you. 4 – Don’t Dry-Burn Your Coils. Is diacetyl-free the safest e-liquid to vape? Vaping diacetyl-free e-juice is at least a safer option than e-juice with it. Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including acetaldehyde, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer, and nicotine, which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other. This is a problem that is present in most of the e-liquid industry (Dr. Kind Juice. I'd suggest Coastal Clouds if you want good fruit flavors, they've hit it. Unique Flavor Zero Nicotine E-liquid. Charlie’s Chalk Dust is the mastermind behind Pachamama and it really shows with each flavor profile that is presented. One component that tends to receive a lot of attention with surrounding myths is Diacetyl. These concentrates aim at replicating specific food, drink,. It is a yellow or green liquid with an intensely buttery flavor. Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2. Diacetyl is also known as 2,3-butanedione. When it comes to Acetoin i have used numbers from on of the few studies that looked at the conversion from Acetoin --> Diacetyl. ”. Greetings-I am a newbie and I am very concerned. #1 Menthol No. These ingredients work together to create an e-liquid that can be used in Vape Pens and e-cigarettes. The Foghorn brand contained 92 micrograms of diacetyl in just 1 gram of e-liquid aerosol and more than 269 micrograms of 2,3 pentanedione. 1 - Twist SALT E-Liquid - 60mL. Tobacco cigarette smoke on the other hand, contains 301-433 ppm of diacetyl. Welcome to the world's largest e-cigarette website. Inhaling diacetyl causes inflammation and may lead to permanent scarring in the smallest branches of the airways — popcorn lung — which makes breathing difficult. The following is a letter I intend to send to some suppliers that contain diacetyl in their liquids (so far, I only know of liberty-flights, but I'm pretty sure there are more). VaporFi. 5 OHM. VaporFi is a great e-liquid provider with an excellent reputation. Chan School of Public Health. Element e-liquids packages are in different sized bottles, which include 20ml, 40ml, 60ml, and 80ml. More technically, " Diacetyl ( IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH 3 CO) 2. Naked 100 Vape Juice: History. Nowadays, more and more people choose to vape. Alongside choosing quality e-juice,. CryptoThe University of North Dakota researchers collected 94 e-liquid samples. 99. You can use my list which will be a much faster reference for you. It is added to "e-juice" liquid by some e-cigarette companies to complement flavorings such as vanilla, maple, coconut and more. C a l / O S H A’s Hazard Communication Standard (Title 8, Section 5194), requires your employer to tell you if you are using diacetyl, and to train you on the health hazards and how to use it safely. 99. H ow you are exposed to diacetylThe Greek researcher Konstantinos Farsalinos is one of the first scientists to have launched the reflection on the presence of diacetyl in the e- liquid for electronic cigarette. Lung injury in current and former workers in popcorn manufacturing suggests a possible association with diacetyl inhalation exposure. In some cases, the amount of diacetyl in the e-cigarette liquid was well above the recommended limits. 2,3 Pentanedione has been used as a diacetyl alternative in a reformulated liquid buttermilk flavoring (44, 49). All of their e-juice is made in the USA using kosher grade diacetyl-free ingredients. You can reach out to the manufacturer directly for a list of what their products contain as well as confirm they’re operating out of a professional. Our Best Vape Juice page lists the best-tasting and most quality e-juice in the popular categories. So, when it was noticed that some E-Liquids contained diacetyl as a flavouring, some red flags were raised. Propylene Glycol. Its ingredients contain no diacetyl, while the vape packs up to 18ml in e-liquids. Asked By: Jackson Brown Date: created: Aug 11 2022Do all vape juices contain diacetylAnswered By: Chase Sanders Date: created: Aug 13 2022 Vape juice is made using VG, PG, and flavors (and sometimes nicotine). Some do it to help quit smoking, while others simply want to enjoy the delicious flavors of vape juices and the experience of making puffy clouds of vapor. Nothing is 100% YMMV but I am moving towards DYI because at least I can research my suppliers and have the choice of what I choose to put in my juice and the concentrations of said flavorings. Lava Flow has just the right combination of natural tropical fruit flavors that aren’t overly sweet. 123 g/ml from the densities of the individual components and the proportions of the un-spiked e-liquid components (PubChem 2018). . It has also found it's way into the ingredients of some e-lquids. Chemicals you should avoid in e-liquids include diacetyl as it is linked to the condition 'popcorn lung', acetoin is known to react in e-liquid to form diacetyl. 99. Bold tobacco. US$ 0. That said, diacetyl and acetyl propionyl are avoidable risks. i got tired of hunting and pecking thru the other thread, i dont want to read arguments about diacetyl and politics. This disease originated from a popcorn factory. Dec 10, 2015. Many of the top vape companies don’t use diacetyl in their e-liquids, but you can easily reach out to the companies to confirm this and ease your mind. Heavy metal toxicity may damage functioning of lungs, brain, liver, kidneys and other organs. Many consider this to be the best vape juice ratio for standard vaping with atomizers over 1. thehypocritelecteur • 8 yr. ^this. There’s no evidence to support vaping as a cause of popcorn lung, in any vaping studies or otherwise, but maybe diacetyl exposure from cigarette smoking may provide some insight about the risk. 6% in 2017 to 10. i got tired of hunting and pecking thru the other thread, i dont want to read arguments about diacetyl and politics. With so many. You have to click through each flavor (which I did) to see the Diacetyl results. . • 2 yr. 9. I SIMPLY WANT TO KNOW WHICH SUPPLIERS HAVE DIACETYL-FREE EJUICE! So far I have read the following fit in that category (or. Many of these articles incorrectly report that some e-liquids use diacetyl as an ingredient. Realistically even butter flavored e juices that use diacetyl have less diacetyl than actual cigarette smoke. The voice of vaping since 2007So, here's my thinking. Tobacco Gold No. Ya I’d love some suggestions as well. 59,875. Sold Out. $ 24. Farsalinos responds to a caller concerned about acetoin in flavorings and discusses the relationship of acetoin to. Butyric acid is used in yogurt and cheesy flavors with another butter notes. Which vape juices are diacetyl free? If that doesn’t appeal to you, check out the best diacetyl-free e-liquids. #6 Naked 100 Melon Menthol Synthetic Salt. 5 billion in 2013; sales for 2014 were projected to be US$7 billion. μg is millionths of a gram, so you're. The other popular Diketone used in flavor is acetylpropionyl (AP), also known as 2,3-pentanedione. But I only vape that half the time. 2 million adult e-cigarette users in the UK, more than half have completely stopped smoking. The Red Apple flavor is a diacetyl-free vape with heating coil technology offering up to 2500 puffs. I make my liquid and only make 1 flavors with diacetyl, a moca with Bavarian cream. 22,593. This was a strict requirement for Halo far before it became a popular topic in the forums. Forum list New posts Search forums Leaderboards. The strawberry flavoring added to foods, like yogurt, ice cream and certain fast-food strawberry milkshakes, usually contains diacetyl as one of the chemical ingredients; The chemical composition of artificial banana flavoring is similar to strawberry flavoring, with diacetyl acting as one of a number of chemicals in the ingredient list. 2% of the samples, with more samples containing DA. (. trendkill500. This led to a popcorn panic with many vapers believing that all e-liquids contain high levels of diacetyl, and that vaping is the primary cause of popcorn lung. Donkey Kahn ICE (Strawnana Dragonfruit ICE) 120ml E-liquid. I recommend switching to unflavored, or nic/VG/PG + a little bit of flavoring from manufacturers who publish their lab tests. Choose from fun and unique flavors like Razzamatazz, and Death by Chocolate. , there are many negative effects of vaping. For the flavors that contains more than one of these ingredients i have chosen to only post the lowest percentage, for the flavors that also. 0% of high school students. 7 mL of e-juice. Nicotine Strength. This 99. It causes permanent irreversible damage to your lungs in any amount. Diacetyl is a chemical used to give foods a buttery taste and is commonly found in vaping e-liquid. These ingredients served as alternatives to diacetyl after the whole popcorn lung incident revealed that diacetyl. #No2Minors; Resources. Last medically reviewed on May 27, 2020. Welcome to the world's largest e-cigarette website. If you’re looking for the best diacetyl-free e-juice, look no further than Black Note. 1 – Diacetyl is (Probably) Widespread. Factors leading to the presence of AP, DA and acetoin. Some of the flavorings that are known to contain diacetyl are pastry flavors, some custards, and cherry flavors. It also gives vapers the throat hit they crave, but if you’re going to buy a standard non-refillable cartridge for your “cig-alike” ecig, expect a PG/VG blend of about 70% PG, 30% VG. g. It will show you the flavors with Acetoin and/or Acetyl Propionyl, but it will NOT show you a list of flavors with Diacetyl when using it's CAS #. Way back in our second year in business, we won 3rd Place for Vendor of the Year in 2011, an honor voted for by members of the Electronic Cigarette Forum, the largest e-cigarette forum in the. Available in 100 mL bottles in 3 and. 59,875. Diacetyl is a butter flavoring used in some food products like butter, butterscotch, butter flavoured popcorn and some alcoholic beverages. The voice of vaping since 2007. Diacetyl In E-Liquids A random test done on a specific e-liquid in 2014 to evaluate the presence of diacetyl found it to. Here are some of the most popular brands that sell diacetyl-free vape juice in the UK: Vampire Vape – Vampire Vape is a popular e-liquid brand that offers a range of diacetyl-free vape juices in a variety of flavors, including fruit, menthol, and dessert flavors. Lost Art Liquids is a premium Synthetic E-Liquid brand created in LA, California. #3. Each of these are very different chemicals, and acetyl propionyl and acetoin can occasionally. Plus other companies still sell the bad (good) stuff, they just offer some alternatives using vomit smell (butyric acid). 7 mL of e-juice. Best Diacetyl-Free E-Juices 2023. In middle school students, EC use increased from 0. Diethylene glycol was found in some E-Cigarettes in 2009 and is considered a toxic substance, vitamin E. The container’s designs should allow for proper refilling without any leakage. 64. We currently carry liquids with Acetyl Propionyl (AP) and Diacetyl , but we identify which vape juice liquids are acetyl propionyl and diacetyl free of these contents so you can make informed desicions. This isn’t an exhaustive list, though. We registered 82 flavors with 35048 SKU's. Business, Economics, and Finance. Starting Price: $ 5. Farsalinos found high levels of DA/AP in 74% of the e-liquids that he tested). The Harvard study that found diacetyl in e-liquid set off a media frenzy. Welcome to the world's largest e-cigarette website. . I recommend switching to unflavored, or nic/VG/PG + a little bit of flavoring from manufacturers who publish their lab tests. Volume : 2ml Pre-filled. So we got together and set out to contacting the vendors on the Recommended Vendors List. Kind Juice. Diacetyl is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol. 012mls of diacetyl). 2 pods cost $12. 95. In many samples, these chemicals were found at dangerously high levels. It is added to "e-juice" liquid by some e-cigarette companies to complement flavorings such as vanilla, maple, coconut and more. New and Exclusive Products. ? ThanksNov 7, 2012. Let’s look at these ingredients a little more closely to understand. Been using freedomsmokeusa e liquid but after hearing about diacetyl I found virgin vapor today. VaporFi. Besides nicotine, e-cigarettes can contain harmful and potentially harmful ingredients, including: ultrafine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs; flavorants such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to serious lung diseaseUpdated list of TFA flavors and if they have Diacetyl, Acetoin, and/or Acetyl Propionyl in them. No, Halo does not contain Diacetyl in any of our e-liquid formulas. Due to the nature of the tests that are available, we had decided not to go with the current testing as a. The main ingredients in IGET are propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavoring. com. There is one case of someone. One component that tends to receive a lot of attention with surrounding myths. All our Mixology branded e liquids are free from Diacetyl and Acetyl Propionyl. DISCLAIMER:Short of actually supplying independent lab certification(not a manufacturer supplied MSDS or a letter from the vendor's flavor supplier indicating diacetyl free flavor - an actual Certification of Analysis from an independent, recognized lab who tested directly and at random the eliquid(s) in question); The suppliers on this list. 3. Current research finds that e-cigarettes are far less harmful than smoking and there’s growing evidence they may help some people to quit. , strawberry and banana) may also contain diacetyl. Lava Flow is Naked 100’s best-selling e-juice. 9 ml of eliquid per pod at the same 57 mg/ml salt nic level as the JUUL pods. Propylene Glycol (PG) PG whose chemical name is 1,2-propanediol is a largely used ingredient in e-juice preparation as it vaporizes easily. The culprit was diacetyl, a food additive used to simulate butter flavor in microwave popcorn. These concentrates aim at replicating specific food, drink, or. The device is a draw-activated vape and has a powerful battery that lasts for days after it is first started. Their lab facilities are FDA-registered. Old Fashioned R & R by Motley Brew. . It lists the main components of each of its pods—cartridges filled with 0. 00 and contain 3. 97% pure USA-grown tobacco. There’s also three VG/PG levels to choose from: 50%, 70% and max VG. I don't want to slam a supplier or anything. Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes . 9. Kona Coffee Milkshake has remained one of our best selling flavors. I have absolutely no idea to the importance of this. $14. Flavourart also has their own. Blogs. S. Sweeter ciders may cover diacetyl, and warmer serving temperature and increased carbonation may make it more noticeable. 0% of high school students. But diacetyl isn't found in the VG, PG, or even the nicotine…it's found in the flavorings. Pentanedione is a flavouring linked with inflammation and lung damage. 2. $24. Partial Update on 11/20/16, also added "Last Updated" column. E-cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. Cigarette smoke contains at least 100 times as much diacetyl as the highest levels in any vaping product, yet smoking is not associated with popcorn. 10/10 Review score. Best Diacetyl-Free E-Juices 2023 Black Note. Using high-VG e-liquid can help reduce your throat hit to balance it out, as can keeping your power setting a little bit lower. H. Claim: A study proved e-cigarette use (or vaping) leads to an incurable condition known as "popcorn lung. 5. Broke Dick juice has two 120's for $22. Diacetyl and its analogues are naturally occurring compounds that, when heated. Assuming a consumer vapes 3. txt) or read online for free. In addition to the possible health issues, the media loves. E-cigarettes do not contain tobacco, but many of them contain. Green No. 99. Half died within six hours. KINDJuice e-liquids are PG (propylene glycol) FREE. AndriaD said: The Flavor Apprentice has a whole line of "DX" -- diketone free -- flavors, but also, Vanilla Swirl, which is a version of their Vanilla Custard with the diketones removed -- it's a good flavor, true vanilla, nicely sweet and creamy. Flavoring chemicals come from natural and artificial flavoring. . Vape juice brands today offer a wide range of choices for users, and you'll find different nicotine levels to suit your taste. If you love sweet-flavored juices – like most vapers do – then you’ll almost certainly be consuming some diacetyl. Pachamama Fuji Apple Strawberry Nectarine. 5. Choice of juice/apple cultivar blend will make an enormous difference in quantity and variety of fruity character, but even when dealing. E-liquids aren’t just water. Started on a blu then figured out it sucked so moved to a joye 510. The flavorings used to make e-liquids are the main source of diacetyl and AP.